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摘要:顫振(chatter)為一自激式振動,是影響工具機材料移除率與加工成本的一重要因素,其發生為動態的切削過程,可視為一結合了工具機動態結構特性與切削過程的閉迴路系統。本文針對影響最大的再生式效應導致的顫振,提出一線上顫振抑制的策略。依據再生式效應的概念,因為振動會使得未變形切屑厚度改變,因此工件表面的同一位置,在前後兩次切削間的波紋間存在著相位差,特定的相位差會導致系統的不穩定,即再生式顫振。文中以理論推導出在振動週期中能消耗最多能量的相位差,再依據主軸轉速與顫振頻率及相位差的關係,計算出最適當的主軸轉速。以電腦模擬一個二階振動系統,發現最佳相位確能使得發散的振動在最短的時間內收斂。文中並在一CNC銑床上進行實際切削測試,以動力計量取進給方向的切削力,做快速傅立葉轉換,得到頻率域的能量頻譜,在判斷出發生顫振時,依據求得的顫振頻率,即時將主軸調整至適當的轉速,經溝槽端銑削不同的材料,顯示出經由本文提出的策略,顫振的振幅可以急速的衰減,回復到穩定的切削狀態,驗證了文中提出之策略確實可行。本文提出之顫振抑制策略簡單,不必做系統識別,且不必更動機械結構,容易在一般的工具機上實現,非常具實用的潛力。
Abstract: Chatter is a kind of self-excited vibration, and it is one of the most important factors affecting material removal rate and machining cost of the machine tool. Chatter in essence is a dynamic machining process which is a closed loop system composed of the material removal process and the dynamic behavior of the machine tool. A strategy to suppress regenerative chatter on-line is proposed in this paper. Based on the concept of regenerative effect, the vibration occurring during the cutting process causes the variation of undeformed chip thickness, and in turn results in undulation left on the cut surface. There is phase difference between two undulations of present and previous cuts. When this phase difference falls in unstable conditions chatter takes place. The phase difference which can lead to the maximum energy removal from the vibratory system is derived. The appropriate spindle speed which can suppress chatter most effectively from energy view point can be computed according to the relationship among the spindle speed, chatter frequency, and phase difference. Numerical simulation of a single-degree-of-freedom system shows that the derived optimal phase difference can indeed lead to the reduction of vibration amplitude in the shortest time. The proposed strategy is implemented on a CNC milling machine, and millings of different materials are conducted. The cutting force in feed direction is measured by a dynamometer, and fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is carried out to obtain the power spectrum. The chatter frequency is identified when the intensity at a certain frequency other than the spindle speed and tooth passing frequency exceeds a critical value. Based on the identified chatter frequency, a new spindle speed is computed. It is found that amplitude of chatter is reduced promptly and effectively, and hence the validity of the proposed strategy is verified. The proposed strategy is very simple, no system identification of the machine tool structure is needed, and hence it has great potential in actual applications.
關鍵詞:CNC工具機、自激式振動、顫振抑制、主軸轉速調整
Keywords:CNC machine tool, Self-excited vibration , Chatter suppression, Spindle speed regulation
前言
銑削加工在製造領域中向來是相當重要的一項技術,不論是傳統的模具製作、航太工業、汽車製造,或是電子、光電、生醫等新興的產業,在生產上對於銑削加工技術都有相當高依賴。高速銑削是銑削加工目前發展的主要趨勢,由於主軸轉速提高,使得進給速度也可以加快,因此縮短了加工時間,提昇了生產效率。除此之外,由於高速銑削具有低切削力、熱量易由切屑帶走等特性,因此具有精度高、熱變形量低等優點。所以,銑削加工技術的提昇,實為增加產業生產力與競爭力的關鍵之一。
但在某些切削條件下,刀具和工件之間會造成劇烈的振動,振動的原因有強制式振動與自激式振動兩種。強制式振動通常為機件或是加工過程導致的振動、以及外部傳來的振動;而自激式振動則較為複雜,也就是我們一般所說的顫振。顫振在加工上帶來許多問題,包括精度降低、刀具壽命減短,並且會影響生產力。過去多年來已有甚多抑制顫振的研究,總括而言可分為兩類:主動式和被動式。主動式的方法包括重新設計工具機結構或加裝各種阻尼器以提高工具機結構的剛性、改變刀具形狀、減少方向因子等,這些方法通常需要改變機械結構;第二種方法以控制理論為基礎,將電腦和各種控制理論結合應用在顫振的抑制,雖然這是被動的方式,但是有價格低廉和容易實施的優點,尤其適用於已經製造好的工具機。
Merritt [1]針對切削系統,結合切削過程的動態特性(cutting process dynamics)與工具機結構的動態特性(structure dynamics)發展出一套模式,計算切削系統臨界穩定的切削條件。利用計算出的結果可繪製出一主軸轉速與臨界切削深度的關係圖,稱為穩定性圖(stability chart)。由此模式所推導出的結果,可以解釋實驗上切削系統在某些主軸轉速下特別高的條件性穩定(conditional stable)現象。
Smith與Tlusty [2,3]提出以加工時的顫振頻率作為調整主軸轉速的依據。當顫振發生時先分辨出顫振的頻率,再停機調整主軸的轉速,使刀刃通過頻率的倍數能夠等於顫振頻率。從微觀上來看,就是使刀刃振動軌跡與工件表面波紋相位差等於零,以維持切屑厚度的變化為零,利用切削系統中的阻尼效應來穩定系統。同時為避免轉速變動時刀具受力過大,在調整轉速的過程中採用類似有拘束的適應控制(ACC, adaptive control with constraint)的方法,若刀具受力達到某一程度時,便將進給率降低至某一預定值,一方面可達到避免刀具受力過大的目的,一方面可減小顫振的振幅,待系統的狀態穩定之後,再將進給率提高到可接受的大小。
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